Glossary
Academic Citation Terms
Definitions of common citation and academic research terminology.
A
Abstract
A brief summary of a research paper, thesis, or article, typically 150-300 words. Abstracts help readers quickly understand the purpose, methods, results, and conclusions of a study without reading the full text.
Annotated Bibliography
A bibliography that includes a brief description and evaluation of each source (typically 100-200 words). Annotations summarize the content, assess its credibility, and explain how it relates to your research.
B
Bibliography
A list of sources consulted during research, regardless of whether they were cited in the paper. May include background reading and sources for further exploration.
Block Quote
A longer quotation (typically 40+ words in APA, 4+ lines in MLA) that is set apart from the main text, indented, and presented without quotation marks. Block quotes require special formatting in most citation styles.
D
E
Endnote
A note placed at the end of a chapter or document, similar to a footnote but collected at the end rather than at the bottom of each page.
Et al.
Latin abbreviation meaning "and others." Used in citations when a source has multiple authors to shorten the in-text citation after the first mention.
F
H
I
ISBN (International Standard Book Number)
A unique numeric identifier for books, used internationally. ISBN-13 is the current standard with 13 digits, while older books may have 10-digit ISBN-10.
ISSN (International Standard Serial Number)
An eight-digit number used to identify periodical publications such as journals, magazines, and newspapers.
In-Text Citation
A brief reference within the body of a paper that points readers to the full citation in the reference list or bibliography. Format varies by citation style.
Ibid.
Latin abbreviation for "ibidem" meaning "in the same place." Used in footnotes and endnotes to refer to the source cited in the immediately preceding note. Common in Chicago and legal citation styles.
J
L
N
P
PMID (PubMed Identifier)
A unique number assigned to each article indexed in the PubMed database of biomedical literature.
Parenthetical Citation
An in-text citation enclosed in parentheses, typically including author and year (APA) or author and page number (MLA).
Peer Review
The process by which academic work is evaluated by experts in the same field before publication. Peer-reviewed sources are generally considered more credible.
Primary Source
An original document, data, or firsthand account created at the time of an event. Examples include original research, historical documents, and interview transcripts.
Plagiarism
The act of using someone else's words, ideas, or work without proper attribution, presenting them as your own. Plagiarism can be intentional or unintentional and ranges from copying text verbatim to paraphrasing without citation.
Paraphrase
Restating someone else's ideas in your own words while maintaining the original meaning. Paraphrasing still requires a citation because the idea belongs to the original author, even though the wording is different.
PMC (PubMed Central)
A free digital archive of biomedical and life sciences journal literature maintained by the National Institutes of Health (NIH). PMC IDs (e.g., PMC12345678) provide permanent access to full-text articles.